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properties of logarithms

If $M$ , $N$ , $p$ , and $b$ are positive numbers and $b \neq 1$ , then the following properties apply:

$\log_{b} (1) = 0$

$\log_{b} (b) = 1$

$\log_{b} (b^{x}) = x$

$b^{\log_{b} (x)} = x$ , where $x > 0$

$\log_{b} (M \cdot N) = \log_{b} (M) + \log_{b} (N)$

$\log_{b} (\frac{M}{N}) = \log_{b} (M) - \log_{b} (N)$

$\log_{b} (M^{p}) = p \cdot \log_{b} (M)$

If $\log_{b} (x) = \log_{b} (y)$ , then $\log_{b} (x) = \log_{b} (y)$